Ukuhlola kanye nokwazi Lineage Yokusabalalisa kwe-Linux

Ukuhlola kanye nokwazi Lineage Yokusabalalisa kwe-Linux

Impela, abaningi abathanda i-Linuxverse, ngonyaka ka-2024, bayazi le datha yomlando emi-2 elandelayo noma amaqophamlando abalulekile: URichard Stallman wenza umphakathi Ukuqala kwephrojekthi ye-GNU ngoSepthemba 1983 kanye noLinus Torvalds baveze obala inguqulo yokuqala ye-Linux kernel (0.01) ngoSepthemba 1991. Futhi futhi, ukuthi ngo-1992, izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala (Distros/Distributions) ezisekelwe ku-Linux kanye ne-GNU/Linux zaqala ukwaziwa.

Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30 (1992/2024), cishe ababaningi namuhla abanalo, ngokunembile, ubukhulu bangempela be "Uzalo Lokusabalalisa kwe-GNU/Linux". Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngoba ngezikhathi ezithile (iminyaka), zivame ukuvela Umama omusha noma ukusabalalisa okuzimele, futhi minyaka yonke ziyadalwa I-Derived GNU/Linux Distros entsha (amaForks, Spins, Respins), nezinye eziningi ziwela ekungasasetshenziswa, ukulahlwa isikhashana nokufa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, namuhla kule ncwadi sikunikeza umbono ofanele ngalesi sihloko, ukuze ukwazi kalula futhi ngokushesha ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuvela kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhona zamahhala nezivulekile ezisekelwe ku-Linux Kernel.

Ama-Distros aphezulu ayi-10 athakazelisa kakhulu e-DistroWatch ne-OSWatch - 2023

Kodwa, ngaphambi kokuqala lolu shicilelo mayelana nabathile "Uhlu Lokusabalalisa Okusekelwe ku-Linux", sincoma ukuthi uhlole a okuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini okuhlobene nge-Distros, ekugcineni kokufunda lokhu:

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ama-Distros aphezulu ayi-10 athakazelisa kakhulu e-DistroWatch ne-OSWatch - 2023

Ulayini Wokusabalalisa Okusekelwe ku-Linux: 1992 - 2024

Imiqondo ebalulekile yokuphatha mayelana ne-Linuxverse

Ngaphambi kokwazi nokuhlola mayelana Uhlu Lokusabalalisa olwenzeka kusukela ngo-1992 kuze kube namuhla, kufanelekile ukukhumbula lokhu okulandelayo imiqondo ukuqonda kangcono okufanayo. Futhi lokhu okulandelayo:

Isofthiwe yamahhala

El Isofthiwe yamahhala isofthiwe ehlonipha inkululeko yabasebenzisi kanye nomphakathi. Ngobubanzi, kusho ukuthi abasebenzisi banenkululeko yokusebenzisa, ukukopisha, ukusabalalisa, ukutadisha, ukuguqula kanye nokwenza ngcono isofthiwe. Okusho ukuthi, "isoftware yamahhala" ingumbuzo wenkululeko, hhayi intengo.

Ukuze uqonde umqondo, cabanga ngokuthi "mahhala" njengokuthi "inkulumo yamahhala," hhayi "njengebha evulekile.". NgesiNgisi, ngezinye izikhathi esikhundleni sokuthi "isofthiwe yamahhala" sithi "isofthiwe ekhululekile", sisebenzisa leso sichasiso sesiFulentshi noma isiSpanishi, esisuselwe kokuthi "inkululeko", ukukhombisa ukuthi asiqondile ukuthi isofthiwe imahhala. Ukufundwa okunconyiwe.

Umthombo Ovulekile

Izinkulumo "Isoftware Yamahhala" kanye "Umthombo Ovulekile»bheka cishe isethi efanayo yezinhlelo. Nokho, basho izinto ezihluke kakhulu mayelana nalezi zinhlelo, ngokusekelwe kumanani ahlukene. Ukunyakaza kwesoftware yamahhala ivikela inkululeko yabasebenzisi bekhompyutha, emzamweni wenkululeko nobulungiswa.

Ngokuphambene, umbono womthombo ovulekile ngokuyinhloko wazisa izinzuzo ezingokoqobo futhi awuvikeli izimiso.. Zombili zichaza cishe isigaba esifanayo se-software, kodwa simelela amaphuzu asekelwe kumanani ahluke kakhulu. Ukufundwa okunconyiwe.

Iphrojekthi ye-GNU

El Iphrojekthi ye-GNU Iwuhlelo lokusebenza lwesoftware yamahhala, okungukuthi, ihlonipha inkululeko yabasebenzisi. Isistimu yokusebenza ye-GNU iqukethe amaphakheji e-GNU (izinhlelo ezishicilelwe ngokukhethekile iphrojekthi ye-GNU) kanye nesofthiwe yamahhala eshicilelwe izinkampani zangaphandle. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-GNU kuvumele ikhompyutha ukuthi isetshenziswe ngaphandle kwesofthiwe enyathela inkululeko yethu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GNU iyisistimu yokusebenza efana ne-Unix., okusho ukuthi iqoqo lezinhlelo eziningi: izinhlelo zokusebenza, imitapo yolwazi, amathuluzi okuthuthukisa kanye nemidlalo. Ukufundwa okunconyiwe.

I-Linux kernel

El I-Linux kernel iyingxenye yesistimu yokusebenza ye-Unix, ebhalwe kusukela ekuqaleni ngu-Linus Torvalds ngosizo lweqembu labaduni abaxhumeke kuWebhu yonkana Umgomo wabo ukuthobela i-POSIX kanye nokucaciswa okukodwa kwe-UNIX. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhalwe ngokuyinhloko ngo-C, nezingxenye ezithile ezincike ekwakhiweni komhlangano. Okusho ukuthi, kubhalwe kusetshenziswa i-GNU C kanye ne-GNU toolchain.

Futhi nakuba ihambisana ne-ISO C89 ejwayelekile, isebenzisa uchungechunge lwezandiso ezingaveli ezingeni elishiwo. Okokugcina, isebenzisa indawo engu-C encike endaweni, ngaphandle kokuncika kulabhulali evamile ye-C, ngakho-ke ezinye izingxenye zezinga C azisekelwa. Ukufundwa okunconyiwe.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-GNU / Linux

I-Distribution iwuhlelo lokusebenza olusabalaliswayo olususelwe ku-Linux Kernel noma enye efanayo., kanye neqoqo lamaphakheji esofthiwe athile, isibonelo, kusukela kuphrojekthi ye-GNU; efuna ukwanelisa izidingo zeqembu elithile labasebenzisi.

Okuvame ukukhiqiza izinhlelo zekhaya, izinkampani namabhizinisi, izikole namanyuvesi., nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezethameli. Futhi ngokuvamile, akhiwe, ngokuphelele noma ikakhulukazi, isofthiwe yamahhala, nakuba ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zobunikazi noma abashayeli. Ukufundwa okunconyiwe.

Izinto ezibalulekile Zokusabalalisa

Ngokungeziwe ku-Kernel, lokhu kuvame ukufaka amalabhulali namathuluzi wephrojekthi ye-GNU noma enye iphrojekthi, kanye nesilayishi sebhuthi, umphathi wephakheji, umphathi wesevisi, iseva yevidiyo, iseva yomsindo.

Ekugcineni, iqoqo lamathuluzi aphelele futhi akhethekile, ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zabasebenzisi.

Izinhlobo Zokusabalalisa

Nakuba, ayikho incazelo esemthethweni neyomhlaba wonke, Ivamise ukuchazwa ngokuthi Umama kanye Nokusabalalisa Okuzimele (izinga elikhulu noma lokuqala) kulawo akhiwe kusukela ekuqaleni., ngokuphelele noma cishe ngokuphelele. Okusho ukuthi, ahlanganisa ama-elementi ambalwa asuka kokunye Ukusabalalisa okukhona. Ngenkathi, i-Derived Distro (Ileveli Yesibili noma yesibili) ingeyodwa encike kakhulu ngokusatshalaliswa kukaMama.

Kukhona futhi okuthiwa "Spin", okuyizinguquko ezisemthethweni futhi banamaphesenti amahle okuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe yabo, okubaphoqa ukuthi babe nezindawo zabo zokugcina. Futhi uma lezi Spins (intuthuko ekwazi ukuzimela) ngokuvamile zingasemthethweni, ngokuvamile zaziwa ngokuthi I-Forked Distros (Izimfoloko), njengoba beqonda ukuthi ithimba labo lokuthuthukisa, noma lizokwazi, ukugcina Ukusabalalisa kuphila futhi kubuyekezwe ngezinga lamaphakheji nezibuyekezo zokuphepha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani ku-Mother Distro lapho edalwe khona.

Ngenkathi "Ama-Respin" ngokuvamile ayizinguquko ezingekho emthethweni, ngakho-ke amaphrojekthi amancane asekelwe ekwenziweni ngokwezifiso komuntu siqu noma komphakathi kanye nokulungiselelwa, ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe okungeziwe okufakiwe. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphrojekthi ihlanganisa izinqolobane ezihlukene ezivela ku-Mother Distribution encike kukho. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezinga lezinga eliphakeme noma lesithathu Ukusabalalisa.

Okokugcina, sincoma futhi ukuhlola nokufunda mayelana ne imiqondo ye BSD, UNIX y Solaris.

Ama-Distros aphezulu ohlwini lwe-Linux, BSD kanye ne-Solaris Distributions

Okulandelayo, sizokukhombisa okuwusizo Ama-Distros aphezulu angama-30 afaneleka kakhulu namanje ngaphakathi kwamanje Uhlu Lokusabalalisa olusekelwe ku-Linux Kernel, kanye naku-BSD ne-Solaris. Okukhona, amanye angoMama kanye nama-Distros azimele, kuyilapho amanye amaningi eDerived GNU/Linux Distros (Forks, Spins and Respins). Futhi lokhu okulandelayo:

1. BSD: 1978 (yangasese) / (mahhala) 1991
   • I-NetBSD: 1993.
   • I-FreeBSD: 1998.
   • I-OpenBSD: 1999.
   • USolaris/Oracle Solaris: 1993/2010.
   • I-OpenIndiana: 2015.
2. Slackware: 1993.
   • SUSE Linux: 1994.
   • Ifilakisi: 2003
   • Vula i-OpenSUSE: 2005.
3. Debian: 1993.
   • I-Trisquel: 2004.
   • Ubuntu: 2004.
     • I-Linux Mint: 2006.
     • I-Zorin OS: 2009.
   • I-Peppermint OS: 2010.
   • I-Kali Linux: 2013.
   • i-antiX Linux: 2007.
   • I-MX Linux: 2014.
   • Devuan: 2017.
4. I-RedHat: 1997.
   • Fedora: 2003.
   • I-CentOS / Alma Linux: 2004/2023.
5. I-LFS: 2000.
6. I-Gentoo: 2002.
7. Arch: 2002.
   • Manjaro: 2011.
   • Zama i -OS: 2019.
   • Garuda: 2020.
8. I-NixOS: 2003.
9. I-Puppy Linux: 2003.
10. I-Alpine Linux: 2005.
11. I-Linux engekho: 2008.

Okokugcina, uma ufuna Funda kabanzi mayelana Nomugqa Wokusabalalisa kwe-GNU/Linux, Sikumema ukuthi uhlole izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:

• Umugqa Wesikhathi Wokusabalalisa we-Linux, BSD & Solaris (Isithombe)
• Umugqa wesikhathi wokusabalalisa kwe-Linux (Isithombe)
• I-Linux Distributions Tree (Isithombe)
• Ukusabalalisa kwe-Linux (Wikipedia)
• Ikhathalogi Yokusabalalisa ngezisekelo (LinuxN)
• Uhlu Lokusabalalisa ngezisekelo (Vargus)

I-athikili ehlobene:

I-DistroWatch 10-22 ephezulu eyi-10: I-GNU/Linux Distros edume kakhulu

Isifingqo

Kafushane, sithemba ukuthi uthande ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana ne "Uhlu Lokusabalalisa Okusekelwe ku-Linux" futhi enye idatha yomlando nemiqondo eshiwo lapha ingase ibe usizo kuwe. Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukwazi noma iyiphi enye idatha yomlando noma umqondo ohlobene nalesi sihloko, sikumema ngamazwana ukuze ukhulume ngakho ngolwazi kanye nokuba usizo kwawo wonke Umphakathi wabasebenzisi bobuchwepheshe bamahhala nobuvulekile, abasilandelayo futhi abasifunda njalo.

Okokugcina, khumbula ukwabelana nabanye ngalokhu okuthunyelwe okuwusizo nokujabulisayo, futhi vakashela ekuqaleni kwethu «iwebhusayithi» ngeSpanishi noma ezinye izilimi (ukwengeza izinhlamvu ezi-2 ekupheleni kwe-URL, isibonelo: ar, de, en, fr, ja, pt kanye no-ru, phakathi kwezinye eziningi). Ukwengeza, sikumema ukuthi ujoyine yethu Isiteshi socingo esisemthethweni ukufunda nokwabelana ngezindaba eziningi, imihlahlandlela kanye nezifundo ezivela kuwebhusayithi yethu. Futhi, okulandelayo Esinye isiteshi seTelegram ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-Linuxverse ngokuvamile.